Method and apparatus for order promising

ABSTRACT

An order promising scheme includes the ability to query a hierarchical scheduling module configured to generate workflows for a series of jobs to be processed in a manufacturing environment to determine the earliest reasonable completion time for one or more additional jobs to be processed in the manufacturing environment. The querying may involve first querying an aggregate planning level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed. Further, the querying may require querying a detailed scheduling level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed in the event that the aggregate planning level returns a negative reply to the first query by the order promising module. The querying of the hierarchical scheduling module may be performed in response to user inquiries submitted via a user interface. The hierarchical scheduling module is kept apprised of a current state of the manufacturing environment through updates to a virtual representation of the manufacturing environment. This may involve updating a model of a print shop environment.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a system for forecasting the first-available time for completion of a job request in a real-world environment, such as a manufacturing environment.

BACKGROUND

Within manufacturing environments, the questions of deciding what products to produce (assuming the environment is capable of producing more than a single product), when to produce them, how much of each to produce and whether to accept new orders for different products must all be weighed against the realities of the various constraints imposed upon and within the environment. For example, a given manufacturing environment that is currently operating at or near its maximum capacity should probably not be weighed down with additional order commitments that require immediate response. On the other hand, a manufacturing environment that is operating with excess capacity is capable of accepting new orders, but it may not be apparent how many orders are capable of being fulfilled within a specified time frame.

The process of job order scheduling, which is at the heart of the above dilemma, typically proceeds along a product structure in order to determine which components must be produced and/or purchased and when. This process is time consuming whenever the number of unique orders grows, which is a typical situation in on-demand manufacturing environments. This problem is exacerbated by the historical fashion in which product structures have been separated into bills of material and routings.

To simplify the scheduling problem somewhat, the process is sometimes divided into two aspects: planning and scheduling. The term planning is used to identify those activities, and the relations therebetween, required to accomplish a set of goals. Scheduling then becomes the assignment of specific resources and time windows to the actions identified in the plan. Although the division of the scheduling problem into these two domains is useful, it does present certain problems because of the interdependent nature of planning and scheduling systems.

Complicating this division still further is the idea of introducing order promising. That is, given a work environment (e.g., a manufacturing environment) already burdened with a number of existing job orders, can the environment accept new orders for completion within customer-specified time constraints? Viewed differently, how can the new orders be accepted without disrupting the existing work already scheduled and yet still satisfy a guaranteed delivery time/date? This is a non-trivial complication to the scheduling dilemma because, as others have recognized, although historically price has been a principle factor in choosing a vendor, more and more customers are emphasizing timely (meaning certainly not late and perhaps not even early) delivery in making such decisions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an order promising system, which includes a scheduler configured to produce schedules for jobs to be performed in a dynamically changing environment and to accept queries regarding the possibility of scheduling as yet unscheduled jobs; and means for monitoring execution of one or more current schedules produced by the scheduler so as to maintain information regarding a current state of the environment for use by the scheduler when producing schedules. In one example, the scheduler is made up of an aggregate planning level and a detailed scheduling level. Then, the means for monitoring may include a workflow engine configured to receive updates from the environment during execution of the schedule. The system may further include an order promising module configured to provide the queries to the scheduler.

In some cases, the means for monitoring may further include a virtual representation of the physical environment, the virtual representation being updateable by the workflow engine in response to the updates. This virtual representation of the physical environment may be a model of a manufacturing environment, for example a print shop environment.

The model may be arranged as a directed graph, having a first number of state nodes and a second number of task nodes interconnected with the state nodes to define one or more paths through the directed graph, each of the paths comprising an alternating series of one or more of the state nodes and one or more of the task nodes with any predecessor state node in one of the paths representing a precondition for a subsequent task node along the one of the paths and any following state node of the subsequent task node along the one of the paths representing a result of applying one or more actions that correspond to that task node. The state nodes may be virtual representations of inventory items of the manufacturing environment. Alternatively, at least a subset of the state nodes as arranged in the hierarchy defined by the directed graph may collectively define a bill of materials for the manufacturing environment. Or, the first number of state nodes may define a route through the directed graph.

In addition to the above, each of the task nodes may define a virtual representation of a manufacturing process. Together, the task nodes may collectively define routings for the manufacturing environment. The individual routings may define bills of resources for the manufacturing environment.

In a further embodiment, a system that includes a hierarchical scheduling module configured to generate workflows for a series of jobs to be processed in a manufacturing environment; and an order promising module configured to query the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether one or more additional jobs may be processed in the manufacturing environment within a specified time window is provided. The order promising module may be configured to first query an aggregate planning level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed. Further, the order promising module may be configured to query a detailed scheduling level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed in the event that the aggregate planning level returns a negative reply to the first query by the order promising module. The hierarchical scheduling module is preferably kept apprised of a current state of the manufacturing environment through updates to a virtual representation of the manufacturing environment, e.g., a model (as discussed above) thereof.

In yet another embodiment a method includes querying a hierarchical scheduling module configured to generate workflows for a series of jobs to be processed in a manufacturing environment to determine whether one or more additional jobs may be processed in the manufacturing environment within a specified time window. The querying may involve first querying an aggregate planning level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed. Further, the querying may require querying a detailed scheduling level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed in the event that the aggregate planning level returns a negative reply to the first query by the order promising module. The querying of the hierarchical scheduling module may be performed in response to user inquiries submitted via a user interface.

In the method, the hierarchical scheduling module is kept apprised of a current state of the manufacturing environment through updates to a virtual representation of the manufacturing environment. This may involve updating a model of a print shop environment.

Further details of these and other embodiments will be discussed below, however, it should be remembered that these are merely examples of implementations of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a model having task nodes and state nodes organized for use according to a embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a detailed model of a hypothetical print shop environment;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of the hierarchical nature of a model having task nodes and state nodes organized for use according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C illustrate a printing process modeled by one or more task nodes according to a desired level of granularity for a model having task nodes and state nodes organized for use according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a scheduling system employing a model having task nodes and state nodes organized according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 6 illustrates a further example of an order promising system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An order promising scheme for a set of jobs to be performed in a real world environment is described herein. Many of the techniques to be discussed will make reference to a manufacturing environment (and, in particular, a print shop environment) in which similar types of products are produced in similar ways. However, upon review of this specification, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the techniques discussed herein may find application in a variety of environments. For example, the techniques may be applied in a made-to-order environment. Therefore, in the following description the illustrated embodiments should be regarded as examples only, and should not be deemed to limit the scope of the present invention.

Before describing the order promising scheme in detail, it is helpful to present an overview. The scheme makes use of a declarative model of the real world environment. The model is used to generate workflows, i.e., procedural steps to be followed in accomplishing the process defined by the model. In one embodiment, the model may be regarded as a directed graph made up of state nodes and task nodes. The task nodes and state nodes are interconnected with one another in such a way so as to define one or more paths through the directed graph, with each path defining a route to a completed product. Each of the paths includes an alternating series of one or more of the state nodes and one or more of the task nodes. In some cases, two or more of the paths may share one or more task nodes and/or state nodes.

Generating the actual workflows may be accomplished using a scheduler that is permitted to access the model. The rules that define the scheduler may, therefore, determine the criteria by which the workflows are produced. In some cases, generating the workflows may involve choosing any of a number of feasible routes defined by the model. However, in other cases, more sophisticated criteria for workflow generation, such as optimizing for cost, value or other (e.g., user-defined) criteria may be specified and workflows generated accordingly.

Because of the complexity of the scheduling task, the present scheme employs a hierarchical methodology in which an aggregate plan is first produced. Using the aggregate plan, a detailed schedule for the job requests may then be determined. The aggregate plan is arrived at through the use of a multidimensional bin packing scheme that accommodates contingencies. The “bins” represent capacities of the manufacturing processes represented in the model. Thus, given a list of possible jobs to be performed, the multiple possible ways in which those jobs may be performed in terms of the resources they consume, and the capacities of those resources, the bin packing scheme is applied in order to arrive at an aggregate plan for doing the jobs. From this aggregate plan, a detailed schedule (i.e., one that includes start and end times, etc.) may be produced.

As the tasks are processed according to the detailed schedule, a workflow engine is used to monitor the real world environment. For example, the workflow engine may monitor the completion of tasks, starting of tasks and/or various equipment/resource states. This information may be used to determine when rescheduling operations are needed. Thus, if the workflow engine detects that the execution of the tasks is deviating from the established workflow (e.g., due to equipment failures, lack of consumable resources, operator error, etc.), the workflow engine may trigger the scheduler to build new workflows for the remaining tasks. Any new workflow(s) would need to be built according to the current state of the real world environment. Hence, the workflow engine is also configured to update the model of the environment so that the current state of the real world is accurately reflected.

In addition, an order promising module is provided. The order promising module is configured to query the hierarchical scheduler to determine whether or not one or more additional jobs may be processed in the manufacturing environment within user specified time windows. For example, during execution of one or more workflows, the order promising module may be used to determine if a new job that requires completion by a stated time/date should be accepted. The order promising module may first interrogate the aggregate planner for an answer to this query.

The aggregate planner is provided with some idea of excess capacity remaining in the manufacturing environment (e.g., because of feedback provided by the detailed scheduler, which is always kept apprised of the current state of the manufacturing environment). Thus, the aggregate planner may be able to determine that the new job can be “absorbed” into the existing excess capacity and so may be accepted.

However, the aggregate planner is preferably configured to underestimate excess capacity (so as not to accept jobs that cannot be accommodated) and so it may determine that insufficient capacity exists to accommodate the new job (i.e., even though such capacity does exist). In such cases, the order promising module consults the detailed scheduler to see if the new job somehow may be accommodated. Because the detailed scheduler has more refined information regarding any excess capacity in the manufacturing environment (e.g., it has knowledge of detailed timelines and not just wider time buckets, etc.), it may be possible for the detailed scheduler to determine that sufficient capacity exists (given the current job schedules) for the new job to be accepted. In other cases, even if sufficient capacity is not present, the detailed scheduler may be able to rebuild one or more workflows to accommodate the new job by shifting other, previously scheduled jobs. Hence, even in these cases, it may be possible for the order promising module to report that the new job(s) may be accepted.

To better understand the above-described scheme, first consider a hypothetical print shop. The print shop includes a number of machines, which are used in the printing of books and similar articles. For example, the print shop includes a number of printers, each of which is capable of producing a document, printed on paper or another material, from a computer-readable file (e.g., a PostScript™ file). In addition, the print shop includes special printers for producing covers. Besides printers, the print shop may include machines for binding the various documents and covers together and other machines for cutting the resulting products to size. In general, all of the products (e.g., books) produced by the print shop are produced using similar processes, but any of the end products may be created in any of a variety of ways. For example depending upon the availability of resources (e.g., the printing, binding and cutting machines) and materials (e.g., paper and ink for the printers, cover stock, etc.) one route may be chosen over another. Thus, the print shop is an example of a homogeneous manufacturing environment.

Consider now the following scenario. A number of jobs, perhaps each at various stages of completion and each having certain deadlines for completion, are waiting to be processed. Each job has an associated cost of completion and each completed job has an associated value. Any job not completed on time carries an associated penalty, which may or may not be linear in nature. The task facing the owner of the hypothetical print shop then, is to decide how best to employ the available resources and materials to complete the existing job requests within their designated time frames, while maximizing the derived values from the jobs at the lowest cost. In other words, the print shop owner needs to produce workflows—reports that describe what work to do, when to do it, what resources to apply/utilize, etc., to complete the products. To this task can be added the complication that the print shop owner would like to be able to accept new orders, each of which will carry its own completion time deadlines, costs and values.

To assist the print shop owner in these and other matters, the model illustrated in FIG. 1 is introduced. Model 10 represents the print shop environment in terms of its bill of materials and bill of resources. Stated differently, model 10 represents the print shop jobs to be performed in terms of the resources those jobs consume, along with the alternative paths therefor. It should be appreciated that model 10 may be instantiated as a computer-readable file and may thus be regarded as a virtual representation of the bill of materials and bill of resources. Importantly, the manner in which the inventory items that make up the bill of materials are interconnected to tasks that make up the bill of resources implicitly defines the workflow in the print shop.

Before going further, it is helpful to define some terms. A bill of materials, as used herein, is a summary that defines a product structure. More than merely a parts list, a bill of materials provides some idea of how a product is assembled from its constituent parts. In some cases, it may indicate the types and quantities of subassemblies required to produce the product. Although the bill of materials shows the assembly chain for the product, it does not provide any information as to how or when the assembly is to be completed. A bill of resources on the other hand, is a precise list of the available reusable resources that may be employed to assemble the product. For example, the various machines that are located on the print shop floor comprise at least a portion of the print shop's bill of resources. In some cases, outside vendors and suppliers may be part of the bill of resources.

Workflows then may be regarded as detailed sets of instructions for how to assemble the product of interest. The workflow specifies the order in which various resources are employed to produce the items on the bill of materials and, hence, acts as assembly instructions for the product. Model 10 is unique in that it integrates a bill of materials with a bill of resources to provide a logical flow structure that may be easily used to identify available workflows. That is, one or more workflows may be regarded as instances of the model.

Returning to FIG. 1, model 10 includes a collection of state nodes 12 and task nodes 14. The nodes 12 and 14 are interconnected in such a fashion so as to form a state transition graph. That is, task nodes 14 define processes or actions by which predecessor state nodes 12 are transformed to successor state nodes 12. The processes or actions defined by the task nodes 14 are those associated with the available resources of the manufacturing or other process defined by model 10 (e.g., the print shop machines and/or their associated operators for the above print shop example). Thus, in model 10, the state nodes 12 represent intermediate states (or milestones) which have been identified as comprising the bill of materials. All state nodes 12 (with the exception of a root node) are the outcome or result of a task node 14.

In model 10, state nodes 12 and task nodes 14 always appear in alternating order as one proceeds along a path through the model. Paths are defined as complete routes to a final product and therefore may be regarded as workflows or production plans. Separating the state nodes 12 and task nodes 14 in this fashion provides clarity in the logical semantics of parallel paths. For example, all inputs to a task node 14 represent logical AND requirements. That is, the action associated with a given task node 14 cannot be performed until all of the associated inventory items represented by the state nodes 12 which feed the task node 14 are available. All inputs to a state node 12, on the other hand, represent logical ORs. That is, the inventory item defined by a given state node 12 may be produced by any of the actions associated with any immediate predecessor task node 14.

In model 10, state nodes are represented using rectangles while task nodes are represented using ovals. The logical flows that interconnect the nodes are depicted with thick lines representing logical ANDs and thin lines representing logical ORs.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that model 10 may exist as a virtual representation of the associated manufacturing environment, for example, as may be present in a computer system, a computer-readable storage medium or other database environment. In some cases, model 10 may exist in various component parts in one or more locations of a distributed processing environment. Regardless of its physical location or makeup, however, it should be appreciated that model 10 may be continuously updated with information regarding the real-world manufacturing environment that it represents. In this way, as resources are taken off line or added, model 10 is available to identify new production plans.

Within the virtual representation, a task node 14 may be defined with various attributes. For example, each task node may have an associated resource that actually performs the actions represented by the task node. In addition, each task node 14 will have an associated capacity, which may represent the resource's required time for completing the task. Such information may become useful for identifying and avoiding bottlenecks in the manufacturing environment when using model 10 to plan/schedule multiple jobs. The task nodes 14 also have defined predecessors, which in this case are represented by the state nodes 12. As indicated above, however, the attribute list need not include semantic definitions, because the structure of model 10 is such that the node type inherently defines the logical semantics. Other attributes relating to the rules and variants associated with each task node 14 may also be included.

State nodes 12 may also have associated attributes. Among these may be an indication of predecessor and/or successor actions/events. Other rules may also form attributes. In general, all nodes of model 10 will have associated rules and each rule may be associated with a successor node of the model. During processing of a real world job in the manufacturing environment represented by model 10, after an action associated with a node has been completed, all rules of the node may be evaluated. If a rule is satisfied, the job may be passed to the successor node associated with the rule. If more than one rule is satisfied, the job may be passed to multiple successor nodes, as represented by the existence of multiple parallel paths in the model 10.

Within this representation, each manufacturing process represented by a task node 14 requires certain resources to complete its associated task. These resources may be divided into materials, assets and information assets. Materials are those items which can be used only once (i.e., consumables) and are completely used up by the task that uses them. In the print shop environment, examples of materials include paper, toner (e.g., for the printers), etc. Assets are those resources that are not consumed by the processes that use them. Examples include the actual print machines, the physical plant, operators, etc. (i.e., assets are reusable resources). Information assets may be items such as RIPed (raster image processed) images, PostScript files, other digital files, etc. that are consumed but remain viable after consumption. New information assets may be produced by tasks and information assets, materials and assets may be represented in model 10.

To summarize, within the alternating structure of state nodes and task nodes, a predecessor state node in one of the paths (i.e., workflows) represents a precondition for a subsequent task node along that path. Similarly, a state node following a preceding task node along the one of the paths represents a result of applying one or more actions (e.g., manufacturing processes or sub-processes) that correspond to that task node. State nodes and task nodes may be chosen to represent any appropriate level of item or material (in the case of state nodes) or process (in the case of task nodes). In one embodiment, for example, task nodes are introduced into the model to represent significant steps in the processing of materials in the manufacturing environment.

It is important to recognize that the manufacturing processes or sub-processes represented by the individual task nodes may correspond to on-site or off-site processes (e.g., where subcontractors or remote manufacturing facilities may be employed). In general then, each task node represents a transformation process for an item or material from a preceding state to a following state. The present model is flexible in that multiple task nodes may be used to represent multiple ways of transforming the item or material from the preceding state to the following state. In other words, different actions or processes (whether performed by humans, machines or both) that lead to the same result may be represented by different task nodes, or, if preferable, by the same task node (e.g., depending upon the granularity of the model chosen to represent a particular manufacturing environment). Indeed, because of this flexibility, the model may be hierarchically arranged such that each task node may be expanded to its own directed graph representation using the model structure described herein.

Another interesting feature of the present model is the manner in which the logical semantics of the routes defined by the directed graph are implicit in the model structure itself. For example, all inputs to a task node implicitly represent logical AND requirements. Because of the hierarchy defined by the directed graph, it is axiomatic that the action (or actions) associated with a particular task node cannot be performed until all of the associated materials or items represented by the state nodes which feed that task node are available. The model structure itself makes this logical argument explicit, without having to introduce additional attributes when defining the task node. All inputs to a state node, on the other hand, represent logical ORs. That is, the inventory item or material defined by a particular state node may be produced by any of the actions associated with any immediate predecessor task nodes. Again, the structure of the present model itself defines these relationships, without requiring any additional defining attributes for a state node.

FIG. 2 presents a fully detailed model 20 of the hypothetical print shop. Model 20 is created using a “top-down” approach, wherein the end product, book 22, is regarded as the outcome of the entire manufacturing process. Model 20 is illustrated using the state node/task node representation discussed above, where inventory items which make up the bill of materials for a book 22 are represented using rectangles and manufacturing processes which act on the inventory items are represented using ovals. Similar logical flows to those discussed above are inherent in the node structure and are represented in model 20 with thick lines representing logical ANDs and thin lines representing logical ORs.

Having decided that book 22 represents the final state (i.e., the output of the print shop manufacturing environment), it is recognized that this state must be the result of some action. In the print shop hypothetical, a book is produced once it is cut to shape; thus, book 22 is the result of one of either of two cutting processes 24 or 26. Notice that model 20 accurately reflects the logical OR nature of these alternative processes.

Because all task nodes (by which cutting processes 24 and 26 are represented in model 20) represent actions that are employed on one or more items of a bill of materials, it follows that the inputs to cutting processes 24 and 26 must be represented by state nodes. In this case, before a book can be cut to size by either of cutting processes 24 or 26, some bound material 28 must exist. The bound material 28 is represented in model 20 by the predecessor state node to the task nodes associated with the two cutting processes. Notice that the logical AND requirement for the bound material is also represented in model 20, thus illustrating the need for the bound material 28 to exist before the cutting process may be commenced.

If bound material 28 is available, it follows that some binding process must have been applied. Thus, model 20 accommodates the act of binding with task nodes representing two hypothetical alternative binding processes 30 and 32. As shown, these processes act on the predecessor inventory items, namely printed cover 34 and printed body 36. Here, the body of the book 22 refers to all material included within the cover. The printed cover 34 and printed body 36 are represented using appropriate state nodes and the various logical combinations of these items, which may be acted upon by the two binding processes are also illustrated. It should be appreciated, however, that the very node definition will lead to the logical flow illustrated in model 20 and no additional rules need be defined.

Both the printed cover 34 and the printed body 36 are the result of independent printing processes. For example, printed cover 34 may be produced by either of cover printing processes 38 or 40, while printed body 36 may be produced by any of printing processes 42, 44, 46 or 48. Thus, appropriate task nodes representing these various processes are introduced into model 20. Again, the node definition itself has provided an immediate indication of the logical paths available within the manufacturing process.

The printing processes 42, 44, 46 and 48 each act upon a RIPed document, although some printing processes may only act upon certain types of RIPed documents. In the hypothetical print shop environment, two types of RIPed documents 50 and 52 may be produced, but each by independent RIPing processes 54, 56 and 58. Thus, these individual inventory items are represented by state nodes assigned to the RIPed documents 50 and 52 and the various RIPing processes 54, 56 and 58 are represented using appropriate task node.

The RIPing processes themselves act upon PostScript files 60, represented by an appropriate state node. The PostScript file 60 is produced in response to a retrieval process 62, such as loading a PostScript file.

For the cover, no RIPing process is required; thus printed cover 34 is produced directly from a cover PostScript file 64. As for the body PostScript file, cover PostScript file 64 is retrieved by a retrieval process 66. The retrieval processes 62 and 66 are carried out in response to a job request 64.

Notice then that model 20 may be created by examining the prerequisites and/or preconditions that must exist in order to execute a particular task, and also determining the actions that are required to produce a particular inventory item. These prerequisites and actions are then combined in the logical hierarchy discussed above to form a single model in which the bill of materials (represented by the individual inventory items) and the bill of resources (represented by the collection of actions) are integrated with one another. This procedure may be applied to any manufacturing process, but is especially applicable to homogeneous manufacturing processes such as the print shop example, because a number of products may be produced using similar processes.

Although model 20 has not illustrated the integration of consumables, such integration is easily achieved. For example, consumables may be represented as predecessor state nodes to the tasks that consume them. Thus, any or all of the printing processes 42, 44, 46 and/or 48 may draw upon paper, toner and other materials in addition to the RIPed documents. Such materials may be represented as state nodes similar to the RIPed documents 50 and 52, with the exception that the state node would have to be defined to indicate its consumable status. Thus, in some embodiments, state nodes representing consumables may be implemented so that their available/not available status must be defined prior to execution of a subsequent task. Preferably, direct feedback from the manufacturing environment may be used to update this status in real time.

From the above, it should be apparent that when the present model is used to represent a real-world (and, often, a dynamically changing) manufacturing environment, any route through the model to a completed product automatically provides a complete bill of materials and bill of resources for that product. Further, alternative routes (and, hence, alternative bills of materials and bills of resources) are also provided. Thus, a scheduler may make use of the model to assist in the efficient employment of resources within the manufacturing environment. In essence, the scheduler will be required to perform route selection according to rules by which such routes may be chosen to achieve desirable or optimal results.

As indicated above, an embodiment of the model may be hierarchical in nature in that one or more task nodes themselves may be further represented by other embodiments of the model. An example of this hierarchical nature is illustrated in FIG. 3. In the drawing, a model 70 is illustrated in part. Model 70 is a virtual representation of a manufacturing environment that produces product, as represented by state node 72. Notice that multiple routes arc defined by model 70, each route including its own state nodes (shown as rectangles) and task nodes (shown as ovals), some of which may be shared between routes. As explained above, these various routes each define bills of materials and bills of resources that may be used to produce the final product. A particular route (i.e., a workflow) is defined by path 74, which includes task node 76, state node 78 and task node 80. When the process represented by task node 80 operates on the item represented by state node 78, the product represented by state node 72 is produced.

Assume now that model 70 is used by a manufacturer that subcontracts the work to be performed by the process represented by task node 76. For the manufacturer, this process is a self-contained unit that ultimately delivers the item represented by state node 78. The manufacturer need not be concerned with the manner in which the item represented by state node 78 is actually produced. Thus, model 70 need only include a representation of the process used to deliver that item (i.e., the granularity of task node 76 is such that an entire subcontracted manufacturing process is represented).

The subcontractor employed by the manufacturer, however, is very much concerned with the manufacturing process represented by task node 76 in model 70. Indeed, as shown in FIG. 3, the entire subcontracted manufacturing environment may itself be represented by a model 90, which has similar structure to that of model 70. That is, model 90 is a break down of task node 76, created to have the same logical semantic structure between task nodes and state nodes as in model 70. Because model 90 uses the same directed graph approach, should the manufacturer who relies upon model 70 to assist in scheduling and other tasks (e.g., order promising, etc.) wish to identify potential bottlenecks, model 90 could be substituted for task node 76 in model 70. In such a case, the scheduler could identify problems that might not otherwise be detectable by the manufacturer. Thus, model 70 is hierarchically arranged such that any task node may be expanded to its own directed graph representation using a similar model structure.

Task nodes may also be defined at various levels of granularity as follows. In FIG. 4A, a task node 100 represents a transformation process between state nodes 102 and 104. Returning to the print shop metaphor discussed above, task node 100 may represent a document printing process employing any printer and any printer operator. At this level of granularity, the process represented by task node 100 is very coarse, in that the print shop owner is concerned only with the document printing process and not individual printing machines/operators.

FIG. 4B now illustrates the same document printing process, however, this time task nodes 110, 112 and 114 have been used to represent the process as performed by three different document printing machines. At this level of granularity, a model that included task nodes 110, 112 and 114 would provide different routes to produce the item represented by task node 104, differentiated by printing machine, but not by individual operator.

FIG. 4C illustrates the same document printing process, however, at a level of granularity that accommodates an identification of several different operators, each capable of using one or more of the possible printing machines. Task nodes 120 a-120 i may be included in a model where significant or important differences (e.g., in execution time, capacity, etc.) between operators and/or printing machines is important. Thus, including such detail provides an associated scheduler with multiple possible routes for scheduling production processes. Notice that any of thee or other levels of detail may be accommodated in a model of the manufacturing environment of interest without deviating form the overall structure of the directed graph discussed above.

Similar to the manner in which task nodes may be employed at various levels of granularity, state nodes may also be used to represent any desired inventory item in the production process of the manufacturing environment being modeled. Thus, entire subassemblies may be represented in some cases, while in other cases lesser items may be included. Of course, corresponding task nodes will be needed to properly represent the processes used to produce the items represented by the state nodes.

FIG. 5 illustrates one example of how a scheduler may make use of a model configured in accordance with the teachings presented herein. Note that the scheduler and the model may each be implemented in a computer system having a general-purpose processor and an accompanying memory and input/output system. The scheduler, for example, may represent executable or other code representing a series of computer-readable instructions to be executed by the processor in accordance with the discussion provided below. Similarly, the model may exist as a computer readable database or other file accessible by the processor (e.g., stored in memory).

Model 130 is configured as a directed graph to represent a real-world manufacturing environment as described above. Thus, model 130 includes multiple routes between alternating series of state nodes and task nodes to represent various ways in which a product may be produced. Scheduler 132 is permitted to access model 130 so as to produce workflows 134 in response to tasks 136. Tasks 136 may represent orders that are being placed for processing within the manufacturing environment, carry-covers from previous orders (e.g., that were not completed during previous shifts, etc.) or other requirements. Workflows 134 represent the route through model 130 chosen by scheduler 132 for completion of individual tasks 136. That is, each workflow 138 represents a detailed set of instructions to complete a task (i.e., to produce a product called for by the associated task 136). Model 130 may be continually updated to accurately reflect the real-world manufacturing environment, which it represents. Thus, as various operators take breaks or are replaced with new workers, and/or as machines are rotated in and out of service and/or as items in a particular bill of materials are completed or delayed (e.g., due to equipment failure), model 130 is updated. This allows scheduler 132 to update workflows 134 to account for the changes in the real world environment.

To produce workflows 134, scheduler 132 may determine which of the number of possible routes represented in model 130 are available to process each task 136 and may then provide work assignments accordingly. For example, scheduler 132 may determine which routes are unavailable by determining which processes represented by task nodes in model 130 are already filled to capacity and decide to schedule new tasks 136 along routes that do not include those task nodes. Of course, many other scheduling methods are known in the art and may be used to produce the workflows 134. Preferably, scheduler 136 is a hierarchical process that incorporates an aggregate planning level and a detailed scheduling level as discussed below.

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative system for generating workflows in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention. In the system, orders 140 are applied to a workflow engine 142. The orders may represent requests for products that are produced in a manufacturing environment represented by model 144. Model 144 may be a model organized in the fashion discussed above (e.g., as a directed graph with alternating series of state nodes and task nodes, etc.) or a model organized in another fashion. In response to orders 140 and/or updates 146 received from the real world environment represented by model 144, workflow engine 142 calls upon scheduler 148 to provide scheduling information.

These calls are made in the form of schedule or reschedule commands 150. In response, scheduler 148 queries model 144 to determine available routes for product completion that may be available. For example, where model 144 is configured as described above, scheduler 148 may examine routes as alternating series of state nodes and task nodes, and assess each complete route through the model 144 on the basis of one or more selection criteria. These criteria may be as simple as finding a viable route (i.e., any complete path through the model), to more complex selections involving a determination of the effect of loading particular manufacturing processes (as represented by task nodes) with additional projects (corresponding to new orders, etc.), to custom value maximizing selection decisions. Again, it is preferable that scheduler 148 perform this route selection procedure in a hierarchical fashion, employing an aggregate planning level and a detailed scheduling level.

In any event, model 144 accurately reports the current state of the manufacturing environment to scheduler 148. This state is continually updated according to updates 152 provided by workflow engine 142. Workflow engine 142 receives update information (e.g., representing task completions, state availability, process availability, resource availability, etc.) and provides the necessary update information 152 that allows model 144 to accurately reflect the current state of the real world.

Scheduler 148 relies on the real world state reflected by model 144 to produce route selection decisions 154. These route selection decisions (made in accordance with the scheduler's rules for such selections) form the basis for the workflows 156 returned by workflow engine 142. Such workflows may be returned any time new orders 140 are placed, in response to events that affect the real world environment represented by model 144, or upon user request (e.g., at the start of a new shift in the manufacturing environment).

As indicated, the scheduling task is preferably accomplished in two (or more) stages. At the lowest level of this hierarchical approach to scheduling, an aggregate planner is used. The aggregate plan produced thereby then provides heuristic guidance to/for a detailed scheduler that may be used to determine a detailed timeline and/or sequence for the job requests. The aggregate planner relies on a bin packing scheme wherein “bins” correspond to individual (or groups of) manufacturing processes, e.g., as represented by task nodes in the model of the manufacturing environment. The capacity of the bins is determined by the processes they represent and may be weighted to account for differences between work shifts, operators, etc. The bin packing performed by the aggregate planner is, in essence, a route selection procedure and allows bottlenecks in the manufacturing environment to be identified. The bin packing is performed in multiple dimensions and alternative routes (i.e., contingencies) are accounted for to identify an optimal or viable plan.

The selection of which jobs to perform then is the task of the aggregate planner. The manner in which this task is accomplished may be considered with reference to the following. Suppose N job requests are awaiting scheduling. The jobs may each have an inherent value V and a cost to complete C (here, cost may be measured in time or other units). Thus, the N jobs may be plotted as a function of their values versus cost. The goal of any manufacturing environment (or at least the owners thereof) is to choose (i.e., schedule) the subset of the N jobs that will maximize the value at the lowest cost. For example, the task of the scheduler may be to choose those jobs that return the highest value without exceeding a cost threshold C_(th).

Nominally, scheduling these N jobs to achieve this goal becomes a 2^(N) problem. For any appreciable N, such a task becomes difficult and requires significant time to process (e.g., if every combination of subsets of the N jobs is to be evaluated to find the best total V without exceeding C_(th)). In a sense, the process of examining every combination of the jobs is a one-dimensional bin packing problem where a particular job J is either included in the solution or not. The order of the jobs is at this point irrelevant.

The present aggregate planner, however, dramatically reduces the complexity of this task by optimizing the bin packing process. In essence, the jobs are grouped into “buckets” (i.e., cost buckets) and arranged into ordered lists therein. The bucketing and ordering procedures are accomplished by resolving the question of whether one is willing to say that no “good” solution to the scheduling task that includes a particular job J₁, will not also include a job J₂. That is, the solution will either have no jobs from a particular bucket, the most valuable job from that bucket, the top two (as measured in terms of their values) jobs from that bucket, and so on. In other words, there will never be a solution that includes the second most valuable job from a bucket without also including the most valuable job from that bucket, etc. Thus, the jobs are organized in ordered lists according to value within each cost bucket.

Whereas the original scheduling problem was of the order of 2^(N), the bucketing processes described above reduce the complexity of the task to (N/M+1)^(M), where M represents the number of buckets. Notice if M=N, i.e., no bucketing, we are left with the original one-dimensional bin packing problem and the solution is once again 2^(N). On the other hand, if all the jobs can be collected into a single cost bucket, i.e., M=1, the solution is trivial: N+1. That is, if all the jobs can be treated as if they have the same cost, we can pick jobs in the order of their respective values (including the 0 solution) until C_(th) is reached. It should be appreciated, however, that this trivial solution is rarely, if ever, encountered in a real world environment.

Thus the aggregate planner performs the bin packing process by first organizing the jobs for each manufacturing process represented in the model into subgroups according to the cost of the jobs and ordering the subgroups in terms of their values. Next, jobs from each of the cost buckets are selected to pack the bins, until a cost threshold of one of the bins (not necessarily the bin under consideration) is met.

Returning now to FIG. 6, the updates 146 received by workflow engine 142 may come in a variety of forms. For example, the updates 146 may reflect job completions and/or partial completions (e.g., as individual tasks associated with jobs are completed). In addition, the updates 146 may reflect deviations from the workflows provided by scheduler 148. Such deviations may be encountered as a result of equipment failures, operator errors or inaccurate scheduling due to a lack of knowledge regarding parameters of a particular job. Whatever the reason, the deviations represent aberrations in the workflows 156 and should be accounted for.

The system accounts for these deviations by having the workflow engine 142 update the model 144 to accurately reflect the true state of the real world (i.e., the actual state rather than just the projected state according to the previously produced workflows). Further, workflow engine 142 may issue reschedule commands 150, once a significant (which may be a user definable concept) deviation has been noted (alternatively, the model updates themselves may act a reschedule commands). This allows the workflows 156 to be rebuilt, based on the current state of the real world, as reflected in model 144. The newly built workflows 156 may then accommodate the prior deviations.

In some cases, it may be important to preserve as many aspects of prior workflows as possible in subsequent workflows (e.g., that are built in response to a reschedule command). This is because human operators may react badly (e.g., with resistance) to overly dramatic changes in a schedule, thereby impairing the overall execution of a set of jobs and perhaps introducing further deviations. Accordingly, the scheduler 148 may operate according to a constraint that requires as few variations as possible for in-progress (or other) jobs when carrying out a reschedule operation.

In other cases, it may be impossible or impractical to introduce only minor variations into a workflow, for example where an equipment failure prevents such actions. In such cases, scheduler 148 may make dramatic changes to the prior workflows in response to a reschedule command.

To allow for the order promising functionality discussed at the outset of this description, order promising module 158 is introduced. Order promising module 158 is configured to query scheduler 148 to determine whether or not one or more additional jobs may be processed in the manufacturing environment, for example, within a user-specified time window (e.g., (the next four hours, the next shift, by tomorrow, etc.). Such queries 160 may be made in response to user requests 162, received by order promising module 158 from/through a user interface (e.g., a computer-implemented graphical user interface as may be running on a computer platform defined by an operating system such as the Windows™ operating system (or one of its variants, e.g., Windows 95™, Windows 98™, Windows NT™, Windows 2000™, etc.) available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.; the Macintosh™ operating system (or one of its variants) available from Apple Computer Corporation of Cupertino, Cali., the UNIX™ operating system available from several manufacturers (e.g., Sun Microsystems of Mountain View, Calif.) or another operating system) 164. Scheduler 148 may determine whether the new jobs can be accommodated (as discussed below) and provide responses 16 to the order promising module 158. Order promising module 158 may then inform the user of the scheduler's determination through decision outputs 168, which may be displayed via user interface 164.

The queries 160 are processed by scheduler 148 in a hierarchical fashion. First, the queries are addressed at the aggregate planning level. The aggregate planner has some knowledge of existing excess capacity within the manufacturing environment because it is kept updated by the detailed scheduler. For example, human operators may enter job status/completion updates and/or progress reports may be provided directly from the manufacturing equipment. Recall that after an aggregate plan is generated, it is submitted to the detailed scheduler for timelining, etc. The actions of the detailed scheduler may be such that jobs chosen by the aggregate planner are scheduled so that left over capacity remains. The detailed scheduler may report this excess capacity to the aggregate planner to allow further jobs to be added to the plan (and thus updating the schedule) and/or to allow for the order promising functionality. Thus, when a request 162 is received, the aggregate planner may quickly (e.g., in near-real-time) determine whether sufficient excess capacity exists to accept the job(s) specified in the request.

It should be noted that although the aggregate planner is aware of the excess capacity, the planner operates in a pessimistic fashion. That is, the aggregate planner is preferably configured to underestimate the amount of excess capacity so that jobs that truly should not be accepted (e.g., because they cannot be completed within the requested time frame), are not accepted. Thus, it is possible that jobs represented by one or more requests 162 will be rejected by the aggregate planner, even though sufficient capacity does exist within the manufacturing environment to satisfy those jobs.

Therefore, if order promising module 158 receives a negative response 166 from the aggregate planner (i.e., indicating that the new job request should not be accepted), order promising module 158 directs a further inquiry to the detailed scheduling level of scheduler 148. Because the detailed scheduler has much finer control over the workflows 156, the detailed scheduler may be able to accommodate jobs that were rejected by the aggregate planner. For example, the detailed scheduler may be able to squeeze one or more of the new jobs into the existing capacity that the aggregate planner did not recognize because of its pessimistic outlook. Alternatively, the detailed scheduler may be able to rebuild one or more workflows by moving existing jobs (but still keeping to their promised delivery dates/times) and adding the new jobs. This is a function that is unavailable at the aggregate planing level. Thus a positive (i.e., accept) response 166 may be returned to the order promising module 158 and the user so informed. This querying of the hierarchical scheduling module further allows for the determination of an earliest reasonable completion time for one or more additional jobs to be processed in the manufacturing environment

Note that the hierarchical nature of this order promising function is important because it allows for near-real-time response. The aggregate planner is able to quickly reach a decision, and if that decision is positive (i.e., indicating the job can be accepted), no further action is necessary (of course, new workflows to account for the new jobs will need to be generated). If the detailed scheduling module is to be consulted, the system can still operate in near-real-time because of the continual updating of model 144, thus providing the detailed scheduler with an accurate picture of the current state of the manufacturing environment. Further, differential pricing options may be employed by allowing the aggregate planner to vary the cost/value functions of the new job requests within different time buckets. This may allow for a customer to choose priority of delivery based on price.

Although the foregoing specification and accompanying figures discuss and illustrate specific embodiments, it should be appreciated that the present invention is to be measured only in terms of the claims that follow. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system, comprising: a scheduler comprising an aggregate planning level and a detailed scheduling level and configured to produce schedules for jobs to be performed in a dynamically changing environment and to accept queries regarding the possibility of scheduling as yet unscheduled jobs, the aggregate planning level being configured to perform a bin packing process by first organizing the jobs into subgroups according to their respective costs; ordering the subgroups in terms of their values, and selecting jobs from each of the subgroups to pack bins, until a cost threshold of one of the bins is met; and means for monitoring execution of one or more current schedules produced by the scheduler so as to maintain information regarding a current state of the environment for use by the scheduler when producing schedules.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the means for monitoring comprises a workflow engine configured to receive updates from the environment during execution of the schedule.
 3. The system of claim 2 wherein the means for monitoring further comprises a virtual representation of the physical environment, the virtual representation being updateable by the workflow engine in response to the updates.
 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the virtual representation of the physical environment comprises a model of a manufacturing environment.
 5. The system of claim 3 wherein the virtual representation of the physical environment comprises a model of a print shop environment.
 6. The system of claim 1 further comprising an order promising module configured to provide the queries to the scheduler.
 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the information regarding the current state of the environment is embodied in a virtual representation of a manufacturing environment.
 8. The system of claim 7 wherein the virtual representation of the manufacturing environment comprises a model of the environment and the scheduler comprises an aggregate planning level and a detailed scheduling level.
 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the model comprises a directed graph, having a first number of state nodes and a second number of task nodes interconnected with the state nodes to define one or more paths through the directed graph, each of the paths comprising an alternating series of one or more of the state nodes and one or more of the task nodes with any predecessor state node in one of the paths representing a precondition for a subsequent task node along the one of the paths and any following state node of the subsequent task node along the one of the paths representing a result of applying one or more actions that correspond to that task node.
 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the state nodes comprise virtual representations of inventory items of the manufacturing environment.
 11. The system of claim 9 wherein at least a subset of the first number of state nodes as arranged in the hierarchy defined by the directed graph collectively define a bill of materials for the manufacturing environment.
 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the subset of the first number of state nodes define a route through the directed graph.
 13. The system of claim 11 wherein each of the second number of task nodes defines a virtual representation of a manufacturing process.
 14. The system of claim 11 wherein the second number of task nodes collectively define routings for the manufacturing environment.
 15. The system of claim 13 wherein individual ones of the routings define bills of resources for the manufacturing environment.
 16. The system of claim 11 wherein the s econd number of task nodes collectively define a group of reusable resources for the manufacturing environment.
 17. A system, comprising: a hierarchical scheduling module, including a detailed scheduling level and an aggregate planning level, configured to generate workflows for a series of jobs to be processed in a manufacturing environment, the aggregate planning level being configured to perform a bin packing process by first organizing the jobs into subgroups according to their respective costs; ordering the subgroups in terms of their values, and selecting jobs from each of the subgroups to pack bins, until a cost threshold of one of the bins is met; and an order promising module configured to query the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether one or more additional jobs may be processed in the manufacturing environment within a specified time window.
 18. The system of claim 17 wherein the order promising module is configured to first query the aggregate planning level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed.
 19. The system of claim 18 wherein the order promising module is further configured to query the detailed scheduling level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed in the event that the aggregate planning level returns a negative reply to the first query by the order promising module.
 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the hierarchical scheduling module is kept apprised of a current state of the manufacturing environment through updates to a virtual representation of the manufacturing environment.
 21. The system of claim 20 wherein the virtual representation of the manufacturing environment comprises a model of a print shop environment.
 22. The system of claim 17 wherein the order promising module is configured to query the hierarchical scheduling module in response to user inquiries submitted via a user interface.
 23. The system of claim 22 wherein the user interface comprises a graphical user interface.
 24. The system of claim 21 wherein the model comprises a directed graph, having a first number of state nodes and a second number of task nodes interconnected with the state nodes to define one or more paths through the directed graph, each of the paths comprising an alternating series of one or more of the state nodes and one or more of the task nodes with any predecessor state node in one of the paths representing a precondition for a subsequent task node along the one of the paths and any following state node of the subsequent task node along the one of the paths representing a result of applying one or more actions that correspond to that task node.
 25. The system of claim 24 wherein the state nodes comprise virtual representations of inventory items of the manufacturing environment.
 26. The system of claim 24 wherein at least a subset of the first number of state nodes as arranged in the hierarchy defined by the directed graph collectively define a bill of materials for the manufacturing environment.
 27. The system of claim 26 wherein the subset of the first number of state nodes define a route through the directed graph.
 28. The system of claim 26 wherein each of the second number of task nodes defines a virtual representation of a manufacturing process.
 29. The system of claim 26 wherein the second number of task nodes collectively define routings for the manufacturing environment.
 30. The system of claim 28 wherein individual ones of the routings define bills of resources for the manufacturing environment.
 31. The system of claim 26 wherein the second number of task nodes collectively define a group of reusable resources for the manufacturing environment.
 32. A method, comprising querying a hierarchical scheduling module which includes an aggregate scheduling level configured to perform a bin packing process by first organizing jobs into subgroups according to their respective costs; ordering the subgroups in terms of their values, and selecting jobs from each of the subgroups to pack bins, until a cost threshold of one of the bins is met, and a detailed scheduling level, configured to generate workflows for a series of jobs to be processed in a manufacturing environment to determine whether one or more additional jobs may be processed in the manufacturing environment within a specified time.
 33. The method of claim 32 wherein querying comprises first querying the aggregate planning level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed.
 34. The method of claim 33 wherein querying further comprises querying the detailed scheduling level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed in the event that the aggregate planning level returns a negative reply to the first query by the order promising module.
 35. The method of claim 34 further comprising keeping the hierarchical scheduling module apprised of a current state of the manufacturing environment through updates to a virtual representation of the manufacturing environment.
 36. The method of claim 35 wherein keeping the hierarchical scheduling module apprised of a current state of the manufacturing environment comprises updating a model of a print shop environment.
 37. The system of claim 36 wherein the querying of the hierarchical scheduling module is performed in response to user inquiries submitted via a user interface.
 38. A method, comprising: querying a hierarchical scheduling module that includes an aggregate planning level configured to perform a bin packing process by first organizing jobs into subgroups according to their respective costs; ordering the subgroups in terms of their values, and selecting jobs from each of the subgroups to pack bins, until a cost threshold of one of the bins is met, and a detailed scheduling level, configured to generate workflows for a series of jobs to be processed in a manufacturing environment to determine an earliest reasonable completion time for one or more additional jobs to be processed in the manufacturing environment.
 39. The method of claim 38 wherein querying comprises first querying the aggregate planning level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed.
 40. The method of claim 39 wherein querying further comprises querying the detailed scheduling level of the hierarchical scheduling module to determine whether the one or more additional jobs may be processed in the event that the aggregate planning level returns a negative reply to the first query by the order promising module.
 41. The method of claim 40 further comprising keeping the hierarchical scheduling module apprised of a current state of the manufacturing environment through updates to a virtual representation of the manufacturing environment.
 42. The method of claim 40 wherein keeping the hierarchical scheduling module apprised of a current state of the manufacturing environment comprises updating a model of a print shop environment.
 43. The system of claim 40 wherein the querying of the hierarchical scheduling module is performed in response to user inquiries submitted via a user interface. 